Luz rello - Ph.D. Thesis presentation - DysWebxia: A Text Accessibility Model for People with...

Outline Ricardo Baeza-Yates Web Research Group Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Yahoo Labs Barcelona DysWebxia: A Text Accessibility Model for People with Dyslexia Advisors: PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Luz Rello Horacio Saggion Natural Language Processing Group Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona

OutlineOutline What? ! Why? Goal ! Motivation Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration How? Methodology PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Applications

OutlineMain Goal Improve Digital Accessibility People with Dyslexia PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineSecondary Goals To have a deeper understanding of dyslexia by analyzing how people with dyslexia read and write, using their misspelling errors as a starting point. ! To nd out the best text presentation parameters which benet the reading performance readability and comprehension of people with dyslexia. ! To nd out the text content modications that benet the reading performance of people with dyslexia. ! To propose a set of recommendations combining the positive results, and integrate them in reading applications for people with dyslexia. PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineWhy? Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by diculties with accurate word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities ! ! ! As side eect, this impedes the growth of vocabulary and background knowledge. Children with dyslexia tend to show signs of depression and low self- esteem [Vellutino et al., 2004] [International Association of Dyslexia, 2011][Shaywitz, 2008] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Neurological origin Language specic manifestations 8.6% in Spanish (Canary Islands) 11.8% in Spanish (Murcia) 10 - 17.5% of the USA population 10.8% English speaking children How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Most frequent signal 15.2% in Europe 25% in Spain 4 of 6 cases are related to dyslexia Frequent ! ! ! ! ! Universal ! ! ! ! School Failure Dyslexia [International Dyslexia Association, 2011] [European Commission, 2011] [Eurostat, 2011] [Spanish Federation of Dyslexia, 2008] [Vellutino et al., 2004] [Brunswick, 2010] [Jimnez et al. 2009] [Carrillo et al. 2011] [National Academy of Sciences, 1987] [Shaywitz et al. 1992] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Information access Information democratization Benets people without dyslexia Benets others users, e.g. low vision How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Digital format eBook sales increased by 115.8% (January 2011) Human Right ! ! ! ! Good for Dyslexia, Useful for All ! ! ! Right Moment Dyslexia [Dixon, 2007] [McCarthy & Swierenga, 2010] [Evett & Brown, 2005] [United Nations Committee of the General Assembly, 2006] [Association of American Publishers, 2011] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Which problems dyslexic people experience? Are there linguistic foundations? Linguistics Cognitive Neuroscience Natural Language Processing How NLP could help dyslexic people? How text presentation could help people with dyslexia? Human Computer Interaction Eye-trackingHow can we measure the reading performance? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Eye-trackingHow can we measure the reading performance? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineHow Do We Read? Eye Tracking! How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Every dot is a xation point PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1dRqpRi4csSee VIDEO here:

OutlineMethodology - Participants, Equipment Participants with Dyslexia Control Group From 23 to 56 participants Native Spanish speakers Conrmed diagnosis of dyslexia Ages ranging from 11 to 56 (average around 20 - 21 years depending on the experiment) Participants with attention decit disorder Frequent users of Internet and frequent readers Education Same number Idem ! Mapped ! ! ! ! Similar Similar ! Tobii T50 (17-inch TFT monitor) Eye-Tracker How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMethodology Materials How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Text Presentation Controlled Comprehension Questionnaires Multiple choice tests Literal and inferential questions. Correct, partially correct and wrong answers 1 2 3 4 5 muy fcil very easy muy difcil very dicult Facilidad comprensin Ease of understandingSubjective Ratings Base Texts Same genre Similar topics Same number of sentences Same number of words Similar average word length Same number of unique named entities, foreign words and same number/ type of numerical expressions + Text modications (Independent variables) Facilidad de Comprensin PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline within-subjects design between-subject design Methodology Design Qualitative Data Quantitative Data Design Dependent Variables Statistical Tests (conditions in counterbalanced order) Likert scales Eye tracking Questionnaires PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineOutline What? ! Why? Goal ! Motivation Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Applications How? Methodology PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Understanding How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Which problems dyslexic people experience? Are there linguistic foundations? Linguistics Cognitive Neuroscience Natural Language Processing How NLP could help dyslexic people? How text presentation could help people with dyslexia? Human Computer Interaction Eye-trackingHow can we measure the reading performance? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Which problems dyslexic people experience? Are there linguistic foundations? Linguistics Cognitive Neuroscience PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineWhy Errors? How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration ! Dyslexia Studying dyslexia Diagnosing dyslexia Accessibility tools ! ! The Web Detecting spam Measuring quality Source of Knowledge Errors [Treiman, 1997] [Lindgrn & Laine, 2011] [Schulte-Krne et al. 1996] [Pedler, 2007] [Piskorski et al. 2008] [Gelman & Barletta, 2008] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineDyslexia in the Web [Rello & Baeza-Yates, New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 2012] English Spanish How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineAre there Linguistic Foundations? Written Errors by People with Dyslexia [Rello & Llisterri, LDW 1012 ] [Rello, Baeza-Yates & Llisterri, LREC 2014] How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Analysis Visual & Phonetic Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Please read this text. It is just an example but helps to underztand how we read text. A text can be legivle but this does not mean that it will be compreensible. Hence, we habe to take care about the presantation of a text as well as the lexical, syntactic, and semmantical levels of its content. How Do We Process Text? How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Test

Outline Demographic Questionnaire Writing/memory test Variant B Comprehension Test Comprehension Test Comprehension Test Comprehension Test Variant A Text 1: 16% errors Text 2: 16% errors Text 2: 16% errors Text 1: 16% errors Error Perception Test Error Perception Test 0 or 12/75 words (16% errors) dyslexic unique Errors priosridad presupuetsos indutricas implse [Rello & Baeza-Yates, WWW 2012 (poster)] Does Lexical Quality Matters? How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Error Awareness Dependent Measure Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Lexical Quality How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 = 0.799 (p < 0.001) Group D no eects! Group N (p = 0.08) Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona [Rello & Baeza-Yates, WWW 2012 (poster)]

OutlineHow Fast You Can Read This? How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs ! ! I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. Due to the phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a raerscheer at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, t he olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer are in the rgh it pclae. The ruslet can be a taotl mses but you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot taht slpeling was ipmorantt! Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineHow Well We Process Text? [Baeza-Yates & Rello, to be submitted, 2014] How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 How important is the order in our internal representation of words? Words with Errors 50.0 62.5 75.0 87.5 100.0 No errors 8% errors 16% errors 50% errors Without Dyslexia With Dyslexia Comprehension Score (%) Reading Time also increases Words with Errors Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineDo They See the Errors? How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1dRqpRi4csSee VIDEO here:

OutlineContributions How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration The presence of errors written by people with dyslexia in the text does not impact the reading performance of people with dyslexia, while it does for people without dyslexia. Normal correctly written texts present more diculties for people with dyslexia than for people without dyslexia. To the contrary, texts with jumbled letters present similarly diculties, for both, people with and without dyslexia. Lexical quality is a good indicator for text readability and comprehensibility, except for people with dyslexia. Written errors by people with dyslexia are phonetically and visually motivated. The most frequent errors involve the letter without a one-to- one correspondence between grapheme and phone. Most of the substitution errors share phonetic features and the letters tend to have certain visual features, such as mirror and rotation features. The rate of dyslexic errors is independent from the rate of spelling errors in web pages. Around 0.67% and 0.43% of the errors in the Web are dyslexic errors for English and Spanish, respectively. These rates are smaller than expected probably due to spelling correction aids. Rello L., Baeza-Yates R., and Llisterri, J. DysList: An Annotated Resource of Dyslexic Errors. In: Proc. LREC14. Reykjavik, Ice- land; 2014. p. 2631. Rello L., and Llisterri, J. There are Phonetic Patterns in Vowel Substitution Errors in Texts Written by Persons with Dyslexia. In: 21st Annual World Congress on Learning Disabilities (LDW 2012). Oviedo, Spain; 2012. p. 327338 Rello L., and Baeza-Yates R. The Presence of English and Spanish Dyslexia in the Web. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. 2012;8. p. 131158 PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Text Presentation How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 How text presentation could help people with dyslexia? Human Computer Interaction Which problems dyslexic people experience? Are there linguistic foundations? Linguistics Cognitive Neuroscience Natural Language Processing How NLP could help dyslexic people? Eye-trackingHow can we measure the reading performance? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 How text presentation could help people with dyslexia? Human Computer Interaction PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineConditions Studied Font type Font size Font grey scale & background grey scale Color pairs Character spacing Line spacing Paragraph spacing Column width How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Text Presentation Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineWhy Fonts? Fonts Designed for Dyslexia User Studies What is missing? ! Evidence via quantitative data ! ! ! Participants ! ! ! More fonts Most frequent fonts Recommendations The British Dyslexia Association sans-serif fonts Arial no italics no fancy fonts Sylexiad, OpenDyslexic, Dyslexie & Read Regular Arial and Dyslexie word-reading test 21 students [De Leeuw, 2010] [Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2013] What has been done so far? Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMethodology Design Italics roman ! italic Serif sans serif ! serif Spacing monospace ! proportional Independent variables [Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Dyslexic specially designed ! not specially designed PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMethodology Design [Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2013] Times Times Italic Verdana [Italic] [ Italic] [+Italic] [ Serif] [ Serif] [+Serif] [Monospace] [ Monospace] [+Monospace] [Dyslexic] [ Dyslexic] [+ Dyslexic] [Dyslexic It.] [ Dyslexic It.] [+ Dyslexic It.] Dependent Reading Time (objective readability) Variables Fixation Duration Preference Rating (subjective preferences) Control Variable Comprehension Score (objective comprehensibility) Participants Group D (48 participants) 22 female, 26 male Age: range from 11 to 50 (x = 20.96, s = 9.98) Education: high school (26), university (19), no higher education (3) Group N (49 participants) (28 female, 21 male) age range from 11 to 54 (x = 29.20, s = 9.03) Education: high school (17), university (27), no higher education (5) Materials Texts 12 story beginnings Text Presentation Comprehension Quest. 12 literal items (1 item/text) Preferences Quest. 12 items (1 item/condition) Equipment Eye tracker Tobii 1750 Procedure Steps: Instructions, demographic questionnaire, reading task ( 12), comprehension questionnaire ( 12), preferences questionnaire ( 12) Table 9.2: Methodological summary for the Font Experiment. Font Experiment Design Within-subjects Independent Font Type Arial Variables Arial Italic Computer Modern Unicode (CMU) Courier Garamond Helvetica Myriad OpenDyslexic OpenDyslexic Italic Times Times Italic Verdana [Italic] [ Italic] [+Italic] [ Serif] [ Serif] [+Serif] [Monospace] [ Monospace] [+Monospace] [Dyslexic] [ Dyslexic] [+ Dyslexic] [Dyslexic It.] [ Dyslexic It.] [+ Dyslexic It.] Dependent Reading Time (objective readability) Variables Fixation Duration Preference Rating (subjective preferences) Control Variable Comprehension Score (objective comprehensibility) Participants Group D (48 participants) 22 female, 26 male Age: range from 11 to 50 (x = 20.96, s = 9.98) Base Texts comparable Same genre Same discourse structure Same number of sentences: 11 Same number of words: 60 Similar word length (from 4.92 to 5.87 letters) No acronyms, foreign words, or numerical expressions 12 dierent texts 12 dierent fonts (counter-balanced) Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Fixation Duration Fixation Duration: 2 (11) = 93.63, p < 0.001 D group Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Partial order obtained from Reading Time and Preference Ratings D group [Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Font types have an impact on readability of people (with/out dyslexia) ! OpenDys and OpenDys It. did not lead to a better or worse read ! Values with positive eects for Condition Measures with Dyslexia without Dyslexia Font Type Obj. Readability Arial Arial Courier Courier CMU CMU Helvetica Verdana Preferences Verdana Verdana Helvetica Helvetica Arial Arial Recommendation: Arial, Courier, CMU, Helvetica, and Verdana. Font Face Obj. Readability roman roman sans serif sans serif monospaced monospaced Preferences roman roman sans serif no eects no eects proportional Recommendation: roman, sans serif and monospaced. Font Size Obj. Readability 18, 22 and 18, 22 and 26 points 26 points Obj. Comprehensibility 18, 22 and 14, 18, 22 and [Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Results PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineText Presentation - Conditions Font type Font size Font grey scale & background grey scale Color pairs Character spacing Line spacing Paragraph spacing Column width dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia black/ white o-black/ o-white black/ yellow blue/ white dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia grey scale: 0% black/ creme dark brown/ light mucky green brown/ mucky green blue/ yellow 25% 50% 75% dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia black/ white o-black/ o-white black/ yellow blue/ white dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia exia exia exia exia grey scale: 0% black/ creme dark brown/ light mucky green brown/ mucky green blue/ yellow char. spacing: +14% +7% 0% 7% 25% 50% 75% dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia dyslexia size: 14 p. 18 p. 22 p. 24 p. [Rello, Kanvinde & Baeza-Yates, W4A 2012] How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineText Presentation Web How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 [Rello, Pielot, Marcos & Carlini, W4A 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineContributions How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Larger font sizes improve the readability, especially for people with dyslexia. Larger character spacing improve readability for people with and without dyslexia. For reading web text, font size of 18 points ensures good subjective and objective readability and comprehensibility. Sans serif, monospaced, and roman font types increase the readability of people with and without dyslexia, while italic fonts decrease it. Good fonts for people with dyslexia are Helvetica, Courier, Arial, Verdana and CMU, taking into consideration both, reading performance and subjective preferences. Rello, L. and Baeza-Yates, R. Good Fonts for Dyslexia. Proc. ASSETS13. Bellevue, Washington, USA: ACM Press; 2013. Rello & Baeza-Yates, How to Present more Readable Text for People with Dyslexia. An eye-tracking study on text colors, size and spacings. To appear in Universal Access in the Information Society (UAIS). Rello, L., Kanvinde, G., Baeza-Yates, R. Layout guidelines for web text and a web service to improve accessibility for dyslexics. In: Proc. W4A 2012. Lyon, France: ACM Press; 2012. Rello L., Pielot M., Marcos, MC., and Carlini R. Size Matters (Spacing not): 18 Points for a Dyslexic-friendly Wikipedia. In: Proc. W4A 13. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ACM Press; 2013. Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Text Content PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Natural Language Processing How NLP could help dyslexic people? Which problems dyslexic people experience? Are there linguistic foundations? Linguistics Cognitive Neuroscience How text presentation could help people with dyslexia? Human Computer Interaction Eye-trackingHow can we measure the reading performance? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

how? A Multidisciplinary Challenge How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Natural Language Processing How NLP could help dyslexic people? PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineProblems of Dyslexia Surface Dyslexia Less frequent words: prstino Long words: colecciones Substitutions of functional words: para, por Confusions of small words: en, el, es Phonology Irregular words: vase Homophonic words or pseudo homophonic words ! Foreign words Discourse Long sentences Long paragraphs Orthography Orthographically similar words: homo, horno Alternation of dierent typographical cases: ElefANte Morphology Derivational errors: *inmacularidad Phonological Dyslexia Lexicon & Syntax New words: chocaviar Pseudowords and nonwords: maledo Cognitive Neuroscience Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineHow NLP can Help? Diculties Orthography & Phonology Derivational errors New words Pseudo-words Less frequent words Long words Functional words Small words Morphology, Lexicon & Syntax Strong visual thinkers Pattern Recognition Visual Thinking NLP Orthographically similar Misspellings Irregular words Homophonic words Pseudo-homophonic words Foreign words Strengths Orthographic and Phonetic Similarity Measures Corpus Analyses Lexical Simplication ! Syntactic Simplication Word frequency Word length Numerical Representation Paraphrases Discourse Simplication Long sentences Long paragraphs Discourse Graphical Schemes Keywords How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Content Conditions Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Errors PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMethodology Design [+LONG] [LONG] prestidigitador (3.75 shorter) ! mago [+FREQUENT] [FREQUENT] ataques (474 times more freq.)! ! refriegas Word Frequency and Word Length Experiments Design within-subjects Word Frequency Experiment Independent [Frequent] [+Frequent] Variables [ Frequent] Word Length Experiment [Long] [+Long] [ Long] Dependent Reading Time (Objective readability) Variables (Sec. 3.1.1) Fixation Duration Comprehension Score (Objective comprehensibility) Participants Group D (23 participants) 12 female, 11 male Age: range from 13 to 37 (x = 20.74, s = 8.18) Education: high school (11), university (10), no higher education (2) Reading: more than 8 hours (13.0%), 4-8 hours (39.1%), less than 4 hours/day (47.8%) Group N (23 participants) (13 female, 10 male) Age: range from 13 to 35 (x = 20.91, s = 7.33) Education: high school (6), university (16), no higher education (1) Reading: more than 8 hours (4.3%), 4-8 hours (52.2%), less than 4 hours/day (43.5%) Materials Texts 4 texts (2 texts/experiment) Synonym Pairs 15 in Word Frequency Exp. 6 in Word Length Exp. Text Presentation Compren. Quest. 8 inferential items (2 items/text) Equipment Eye tracker Tobii 1750 Procedure Steps: (per experiment) Instructions, demographic questionnaire, reading task ( 2), comprehension questionnaire ( 2), and preferences questionnaire ( 2) Target Words common names non ambiguous names no compound nouns no foreign words no homophonic words Base Texts comparable Frequency relative frequencies (one order of magnitude) no short words Length at least double the length longest words Comprehension Questionnaires inferential questions Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Word-frequency 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Mean fixation duration (s) Visitduration(s) freq +dys +freq +dys freq dys +freq dys Fixation duration (sec.) R eadability axis ReadingTime(sec.) 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Group N: [+Frequent] [Frequent] Group D: [+Frequent] [Frequent]freq +dys +freq +dys freq dys +freq dys freq +dys +freq +dys freq dys +freq dys freq +dys +freq +dys freq dys +freq dys freq +dys +freq +dys freq dys +freq dys A larger number of high frequency words increases readability for people with dyslexia. ! Reading Time t(33.488)=2.120, p=0.035 Fixation Duration t(35.741)=2.150, p=0.038 No eects for Group N [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Dempere & Saggion, INTERACT 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Word-length The presence of short words compared to long words increases comprehensibility for people with dyslexia. ! Comprehension Score t(38.636) = 2.396, p = 0.022 ! No eects for Group N [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Dempere & Saggion, INTERACT 2013] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration A total dissociation of frequency and length is not possible Word frequency and word length are naturally related in language [Jurafsky et al., 2001] Limitations PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineNext Steps? Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Implement and evaluate a lexical simplication algorithm Find out how to make lexical simplication useful Lexical Simplication PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineWhat has Been Done so far? Experimental psychology and word processing Accessibility studies about people with dyslexia What is missing? Spanish Word length Interaction strategies ! ! ! Automatic ! ! Natural language processing and lexical simplication detect complex words (Frequency) substitute dictionaries Wordnet ontologies Frequent & long words Content [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Design PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineEvaluation of Simplication Strategies Independent variable (counter-balanced order) Lexical simplication ORIGINAL SUBSBEST SHOWSYNS GOLD laptop iPad Android device [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Same genre: Scientic American Similar topics: reports from Nature ! Same discourse structure ! ! ! ! Same number of sentences: 11 Same number of words: 302 No acronyms nor numbers OutlineMethodology Design Lexical Simplication Experiment. Design Within-subjects Independent Lexical Simplication [Orig] Variables Strategy [SubsBest] [ShowSyns] [Gold] Dependent Reading Time (objective readability) Variables Fixation Duration Comprehension Score (objective comprehensibility) Subject. Readability Rating (subjective readability) Subject. Comprehension Rating (subjective comprehensibility) Subject. Memorability Rating (subjective memorability) Participants Group D (47 participants) 28 female, 19 male Age: range from 13 to 50 (x = 24.36, s = 10.19) Education: high school (18), university (26), no higher education (3) Group N (49 participants) (29 female, 20 male) Age: range from 13 to 40 (x = 28.24, s = 7.24) Education: high school (16), university (31), no higher education (2) Materials Base Texts 2 texts Word Substitutions 34 per text (in [SubsBest]), and 40/44 per text (in [Gold]) Synonyms on-demand 100/110 synonyms for 50/55 words per text (in [ShowSyns]) Text Presentation Comprehension Quest. 6 inferential items (3 per text) Sub. Readability Quest. 2 likert scales (1/condition level) Sub. Comprehension Quest. 2 likert scales (1/condition level) Sub. Memorability Quest. 2 likert scales (1/condition level) Equipment Eye tracker Tobii 1750, Samsung Galaxy Ace S5830 iPad 2, and MacBook Air Procedure Steps: Instructions, demographic questionnaire, text choosing, reading task, comprehension questionnaires, sub. readability quest. sub. comprehension quest., and subjective memorability quest. [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] 1&2p Intro 3p Background 4p Details Target Words Base Texts Engagement Choose the text you like! Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Objective Measures r = 0.625r = 0.994 r = 0.429 Group D Group N No eects! [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults Subjective Measures Subject. Readability Subject. Comprehension H(3) = 9.595, p = 0.022 [SubsBest] more dicult than [Original] (p = 0.003) and [ShowSyns] (p = 0.047) H(3) = 9.020, p = 0.029 [SubsBest] signicantly more dicult than [Gold] (p = 0.003) Group D Group N Subject. Comprehension Subject. Memorability Dys.Gold Dys.lesSIS Dys.lexSIS Dys.Original 0.100.150.200.25 Font Size FixationDurationMe Dys.Gold Dys.lesSIS Dys.lexSIS Dys.Original 0.100.150.200.25 Font Size FixationDurationMe Dys.Gold Dys.lesSIS Dys.lexSIS Dys.Original 0.100.150.200.25 Font Size FixationDurationMe Dys.Gold D 50100150200 FixationDurationMe Dys.Gold Dys.lesSIS 50100150200 FixationDurationMe Dys.Gold 50100150200 FixationDurationMe oup D Group N 4118 3.888889 Original 0.1597582109 8235 3.700000 LexSIS 2857 4.142857 Dyswebxia 7500 4.375000 Gold oup D Group N 5294 4.444444 Original -0.084924633 7059 3.800000 LexSIS 7143 4.285714 Dyswebxia 0000 4.250000 Gold D Group N 9 4.222222 Original 0.2410992628 3 3.900000 LexSIS 4 4.357143 Dyswebxia 0 4.250000 Gold 294118 3.888889 Original 588235 3.700000 LexSIS 142857 4.142857 Dyswebxia 437500 4.375000 Gold 1 2 3 4 5 Readability Group D Group N 1 2 3 4 5 Understandability Group D Group N (ave.) (ave.) Very bad Very good Very bad Very good [Original] [SubsBest] [ShowSyns] [Gold] 1 2 3 4 5 Memorability Group D Group N Very bad Very good (ave.) [Original] [SubsBest] [ShowSyns] [Gold] [Original] [SubsBest] [ShowSyns] [Gold] [Original][SubsBest][Gold] 50100150200 0.100.150.200.25 [Gold] Group D Group N H(3) = 8.275, p = 0.041 [ShowSyns] easier than [Gold] (p = 0.034) and [Original] (p = 0.034) H(3) = 12.197, p = 0.007 [ShowSyns] easier than [SubsBest] (p = 0.013) and [Original] (p = 0.001) [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineResults [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott & Saggion, W4A 2013 (best paper award)] Lexical Simplication substitution negatively aects the reading experience does not help objective readability comprehension subjective measures interaction matters showing synonyms on-demand makes texts more comprehensible and more readable help to get out of the vicious circle Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineNext Steps? implement and evaluate a lexical simplication algorithm via synonyms on demand is helpful Lexical Simplication language resource of synonyms available to be used in tools Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline What is missing?Resources for Lexical Simplication in Spanish What has Been Done so far? resource containing lists of synonyms ranked by their complexity no Simple Wikipedia in Spanish ! Simplext Corpus (200 news articles) 6,595 words original and 3,912 words simplied ! Spanish OpenThesaurus (SpOT) 21,378 target words (lemmas), 44,348 dierent word senses ! EuroWordNet 50,526 word meanings, 23,370 synsets Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration [Baeza-Yates, Rello & Dembowski, to be submitted] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Google Books N-gram Corpus (5-grams) in Spanish (8,116,746 books, over 6% of all books, 83,967,471,303 tokens Output: Dyslexia Features Analysis of Corpus of dyslexic errors + CASSA Simpler Synonyms Ranking Relative Web Frequency CASSA Resource Input: Word Candidates Relative Web Frequency Filters Valid words Proper names Stop words + Lemmatization Complexity Detection List of Senses (from Spanish OpenThesaurus) Web Frequencies Context Frequency Word Sense Disambiguation List of Senses Google Books n-gram Corpus Context Frequencies Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration [Baeza-Yates, Rello & Dembowski, to be submitted] Context Aware Synonym Simplication Algorithm PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 CASSA Synonyms Resource for Spanish CASSA disambiguated CASSA baseline (Frequency) Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration [Baeza-Yates, Rello & Dembowski, to be submitted] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMethodology Design [Rello & Baeza-Yates, W4A 2014 (best paper award runner-up)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Evaluation Dataset 80 target words HIGH freq. LOW freq. Contexts and sentences (20th, 21st Century books) vs. 130 [Biran et al. 2011] and 200 [Yatskar et al. 2010] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Results Synonymy & Simplicity Ratings of Group N signicantly higher than Group G for all the conditions ! Low frequency: better results for all ratings and conditions ! CASSA: More accurate and simpler synonyms Synonymy Rating (groups D & N) (H(1) = 110.36, p < 0.001), (H(1) = 198.72, p < 0.001) Simplicity Rating (groups D & N) (H(1) = 131.76, p < 0.001), (H(1) = 179.82, p < 0.001) Test well calibrated: expected low value answers: 1.41 (s = 0.98) for group D, 1.47 (s = 0.51) for Group N expected high value answers: 8.77 (s = 0.93) for group D, 9.16 (s = 0.69) for Group N [Rello & Baeza-Yates, W4A 2014 (best paper award runner-up)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration New algorithm CASSA, outperforms the hard-to-beat Frequency Baseline [Specia et al. 2012] PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Word frequency Word length Numerical Representation Paraphrases Graphical Schemes Keywords Conditions Studied How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Text Content Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineContributions How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Frequent words improve readability while shorter words may improve comprehensibility, especially in people with dyslexia. Numbers represented as digits instead of words, as well as percentages instead of fractions, improve readability of people with dyslexia. Graphical schemes improve the subjective readability and comprehensibility of people with dyslexia. Highlighted keywords increases the objective comprehension by people with dyslexia, but not the readability. Lexical simplication via automatic substitution of complex words by simpler synonyms is not helpful. However, showing synonyms on demand improves the subjective readability and comprehensibility of people with dyslexia. Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., Dempere, L. and Saggion, H. Frequent Words Improve Readability and Short Words Improve Understand- ability for People with Dyslexia. Proc. INTERACT 13. Cape Town, South Africa: IFIP Press; 2013, p. 203219 Rello, L., Bautista, S., Baeza-Yates, R., Gervs, P., Hervs, R. and Saggion, H. One Half or 50%? An Eye-Tracking Study of Number Representation Readability. Proc. INTERACT 13. Cape Town, South Africa: IFIP Press; 2013, p. 229-245 Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., Bott, S. and Saggion, H. Simplify or Help? Text Simplication Strategies for People with Dyslexia. Proc. W4A 13. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ACM Press; 2013 (best paper award). Rello, L. and Baeza-Yates, R. Evaluation of DysWebxia: A Reading App Designed for People with Dyslexia. Proc. W4A 14. Seoul, South Korea: ACM Press; 2014 (Chapter 15 [319], best paper nominee). Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline Integrating Form and Content PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Values with positive eects for Condition Measures with Dyslexia without Dyslexia Font Type Obj. Readability Arial Arial Courier Courier CMU CMU Helvetica Verdana Preferences Verdana Verdana Helvetica Helvetica Arial Arial Recommendation: Arial, Courier, CMU, Helvetica, and Verdana. Font Face Obj. Readability roman roman sans serif sans serif monospaced monospaced Preferences roman roman sans serif no eects no eects proportional Recommendation: roman, sans serif and monospaced. Font Size Obj. Readability 18, 22 and 18, 22 and 26 points 26 points Obj. Comprehensibility 18, 22 and 14, 18, 22 and 26 points 26 points Subj. Readability 18 and 22 points 18 and 22 points Subj. Comprehensibility 18, 22 and 14, 18, 22 and 26 points 26 points Recommendation: 18 and 22 points Character Spacing Obj. Readability +7%, +14% +7%, +14% Preferences no eects 0% Text Presentation Recommendations [Rello & Baeza-Yates, to appear in Universal Access in the Information Society (UAIS)] Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Outline How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Text Presentation Recommendations Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona [Rello & Baeza-Yates, to appear in Universal Access in the Information Society (UAIS)]

Outline Text Content Recommendations How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Dempere & Saggion, INTERACT 2013] [Rello, Bautista, Baeza-Yates, Gervs, Hervs & Saggion, INTERACT 2013]

Outline Text Content Recommendations How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona [Rello, Baeza-Yates & Saggion. CICLing 2013] [Rello, Saggion & Baeza-Yates, PITR 2014] [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Saggion & Graells, PITR 2012] [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott, & Saggion, W4A 2013] [Rello, L. and Baeza-Yates. W4A 2014]

how? Applications How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 IDEAL e-Book reader Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineIDEAL eBook Reader [Kanvinde, Rello & Baeza-Yates, ASSETS 2012 (demo)] 35,000 downloads Finalist - Vodafone Foundation Smart Accessibility Awards 2012 Usability Evaluation - 14 participantsAccessible Systems Mumbai, India Table of contents Supports text-to-speech technology. Spells word-by-word or letter-by-letter. Write a comment. Google Play https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=org.easyaccess.epubreader How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 dd Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Simpler Ideal Conguration Font Synonyms Color Helvetica Outline [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Saggion, Bayarri & Barbosa, ASSETS 2013 (demo)] iOS Reader Soon in the App Store Usability evaluation with 12 participants Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineText4all DysWebxia [Rello, Baeza-Yates, Bott, Saggion, Carlini, Bayarri, Gorriz, Kanvinde, Gupta, Topac 2013 (challenge)] [Topac 2014 (PhD thesis)] How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 by Vasile Topac Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Romania Finalist in The Paciello Group Web Accessibility Challenge http://www.text4all.net/dyswebxia.html Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Tools Overview How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineOngoing Work How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Understanding Text Presentation Text Content Integration Departament dEnsenyament (rea de Tecnologies per a l'Aprenentatge i el Coneixement) Department of Education (Technologies for Learning) ! ! ! Cloud4All Project with Technosite ! ! Web standards PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineMain Contributions How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 ! A new model called DysWebxia, that combines all our results and that has been integrated so far in four reading tools. ! ! Two new available language resources http://www.luzrello.com/Resources Text Content Recommendations Text Presentation Recommendations DysList, a list of dyslexic errors annotated with linguistic, phonetic and visual features. ! CASSA List, a new resource for Spanish lexical simplication composed of a list of disambiguated complex words, their context, and their corresponding simpler synonyms, ranked by complexity. Written errors Processed dierently (reading) by people with and without dyslexia Phonetically and visually motivated PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

OutlineAcknowledgments How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 Ricardo Baeza-Yates Horacio Saggion Gaurang Kanvinde Vasile Topac Joaquim Llisterri Mari-Carmen Marcos Laura Dempere Simone Barbosa Clara Bayarri Stefan Bott Roberto Carlini Families with children with dyslexia People with dyslexia Yolanda Otal de la Torre Mara Sanz-Pastor Moreno de Alborn Luis Miret Martin Pielot Julia Dembowski Eduardo Graells Diego Saez-Trumper Azuki Gorriz Vernica Moreno PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Thank you How people with dyslexia read and what can HCI and NLP do about it? Keynote at DSAI 2013 luzrello@acm.org PhD Thesis Defense 27th June 2014, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Luz rello - Ph.D. Thesis presentation - DysWebxia: A Text Accessibility Model for People with...

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