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Session 3: Exodus Videos:
• Exodus Part I (The Bible Project)
• Exodus Part II (The Bible Project)
Recommended Readings from the ESV Study Bible: • Introduction to Exodus (pp. 139–144)
• I AM WHO I AM (p. 149)
• The Tabernacle and Court (pp. 190–191)
Handout from The Bible Project:
• Exodus Overview Poster
Handouts from Dr. Parke:
• Old Testament Law
• Exodus — When?
• Timeline: Exodus 12 - Deuteronomy 34
Handouts from ESV Study Bible: • Three Stages of Moses’ Life
• The Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart
• The Battle between Yahweh and the Rulers of Egypt
• The Tabernacle Tent
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Old Testament Law
The Hebrew noun torah, translated “law,” also means “instruction” and “teaching.”
The Israelites did not despise the Law. On the contrary, it inspired them to sing: e.g.,
Psalm 19:7-14 and Psalm 119, the longest “chapter” in the Bible.
The Law revealed God’s nature. It defined God’s will.
The twelfth-century Jewish philosopher Maimonides tabulated the laws in the Pentateuch (AKA
Torah), Genesis - Deuteronomy.
248 Admonitions [“dos”]
365 Prohibitions [“don’ts”]
613
Collections of Law
ì Covenant Code Exodus 20:22 - 23:33
í Priestly Code Exodus 25-31; Exodus 34:29 - Leviticus 16:34; portions of Numbers
î Holiness Code Leviticus 17-26
ï Deuteronomic Code Deuteronomy 12-26
Kinds of Law
APODICTIC LAW: “Absolute Law”
unconditional, categorical directives such as admonitions and prohibitions
absolute orders about right and wrong--NO exceptions
personal, direct address; brief
“Thou shalt . . . ”
“Thou shalt not . . . ”
FOCUS: moral and religious matters
Examples
Ten Commandments
Lex Talionis (“Law of Retaliation”)
“Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for
wound, bruise for bruise.” [Exodus 21:24-25]
Session 3: Exodus - Page 7 of 21
CASUISTIC LAW: “Case Law”
IF -----> THEN format
The “if” clause describes the case concerned, the “then” clause describes the legal penalty for
infractions.
impersonal, third-person style; wordy
FOCUS: civil or criminal matters
Examples
“IF men have a quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, and he does not
die but remains in bed, IF he gets up and walks around outside on his staff, THEN he who
struck him shall go unpunished; he shall only pay for his loss of time, and shall take care of
him until he is completely healed.” [Exodus 21:18-19]
“IF a fellow countryman of yours becomes so poor he has to sell part of his property,
THEN his nearest kinsman is to come and buy back what his relative has sold.”
[Leviticus 25:25]
Descriptions and Principles
ì Old Testament Law is selective, NOT exhaustive.
“The OT’s legal sections do not constitute a comprehensive legal code. Instead, they present
a select sample of illustrative cases or topics whose legal principles were to serve as a guide
to Israel. Their purpose was to teach the Israelite fundamental values, not to provide them
with a handy legal reference tool. In short, their aim was instructional rather than judicial.”
^ Our societal laws are voluminous in order to anticipate every contingency and to close
loopholes.
í The context for Old Testament Law is covenant.
“OT law represents the personal demands of Israel’s sovereign Lord, not an abstract system
of morality or a technical legal code. In light of this, readers must interpret law relationally--
as the guidelines that govern Israel’s ongoing life with her gracious God.”
^ We obey our societal laws in order to avoid punishment, NOT to please any person.
How does Old Testament Law Relate to Christians?
ì Some Old Testament laws retain their literal validity for Christians.
Examples
Exodus 20:1-17
Leviticus 19:18
Deuteronomy 6:5
Session 3: Exodus - Page 8 of 21
í Sometimes, a New Testament teaching makes an Old Testament law more strict.
Examples
Murder and Hatred Matthew 5:21-26
Adultery and Lust Matthew 5:27-30
Divorce and Remarriage Matthew 5:31-32
î Some Old Testament laws, in light of New Testament teachings, no longer have a literal
validity.
Examples
Dietary Regulations Mark 7:19; Acts 10:9-16
Circumcision Galatians 5:2-6
Sacrificial System Hebrews 10:1-10
ï Old Testament laws that no longer have a literal validity still teach important timeless truths.
“To properly interpret law the student must discover the timeless truth beneath its cultural
husk.”
“All of the OT applies to Christians, but none of it applies apart from its fulfillment in
Christ.”
“All of the Old Testament law is still the Word of God for us even though it is not still the
command of God to us. The Bible contains all sorts of commands that God wants us to know
about, which are not directed toward us personally.”
“Only that which is explicitly renewed from the Old Testament law can be considered part of
the New Testament ‘law of Christ.”
“mistake to conclude . . . that the Law is no longer a valuable part of the Bible”
Examples: Odd Laws
Exodus 23:19 and 34:26
Numbers 5:11-31
Deuteronomy 22:9-12
John H. Sailhamer, The Pentateuch as Narrative, 481-516.
William W. Klein, Craig L. Blomberg, and Robert L. Hubbard, Jr., Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, 275-82.
Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How to read the Bible for All Its Worth, 153-54.
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HANDOUT: Exodus--When?
Early Date Late Date
REASONS
1 Kings 6:1 In the fourth
year of his
reign, King
Solomon began
the construction
of the temple in
Jerusalem, 480
years after the
EXODUS.
966 B.C.
+ 480 years
1446 B.C.
Jericho destroyed no
later than 1325
B.C., not
resettled until
the 7th century
B.C.
1876 B.C.
1446 B.C.
1400 B.C.
|
|
|
Period of the
Judges
|
|
|
1050 B.C.
Jacob and his
family enter
Egypt.
|
|
430-year
stay
Exodus
12:40-41
|
|
The Israelites
leave Egypt.
EXODUS
The Israelites
enter the
Promised
Land after
wandering
40 years in
the
wilderness.
Saul
becomes
Israel’s first
king.
1720 B.C.
1290 B.C.
1250 B.C.
|
|
|
Period of the
Judges
|
|
|
1050 B.C.
REASONS
stele of
Merneptah
1220 B.C.
Exodus 1:11 construction of
Raamses and
Pithom, cities
attributed to
Rameses II
Numbers
20:14-21 no Edomite
settlement
before 1300
B.C.
Ai reoccupied
1220 B.C.
Bethel destroyed 1250
B.C.
Hazor destroyed 13th
century B.C.
Lachish destroyed 1234
B.C.
Megiddo
Aphek destroyed 1135
B.C.
Session 3: Exodus - Page 11 of 21
Session 3: Exodus - Page 12 of 21
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